J/MNRAS/444/566 Methanol maser associated outflows (de Villiers+, 2014) ================================================================================ Methanol maser associated outflows: detection statistics and properties. de Villiers H.M., Chrysostomou A., Thompson M.A., Ellingsen S.P., Urquhart J.S., Breen S.L., Burton M.G., Csengeri T., Ward-thompson D. =2014MNRAS.444..566D ================================================================================ ADC_Keywords: Masers ; Interstellar medium Keywords: line: profiles - masers - stars: formation - stars: massive - ISM: jets and outflows - submillimetre: stars Abstract: We have selected the positions of 54 6.7GHz methanol masers from the Methanol Multibeam Survey catalogue, covering a range of longitudes between 20{deg} and 34{deg} of the Galactic plane. These positions were mapped in the J=3-2 transition of both the ^13^CO and C^18^O lines. A total of 58 ^13^CO emission peaks are found in the vicinity of these maser positions. We search for outflows around all ^13^CO peaks, and find evidence for high-velocity gas in all cases, spatially resolving the red and blue outflow lobes in 55 cases. Of these sources, 44 have resolved kinematic distances, and are closely associated with the 6.7GHz masers, a subset referred to as Methanol Maser Associated Outflows (MMAOs). We calculate the masses of the clumps associated with each peak using 870{mu}m continuum emission from the ATLASGAL survey. A strong correlation is seen between the clump mass and both outflow mass and mechanical force, lending support to models in which accretion is strongly linked to outflow. We find that the scaling law between outflow activity and clump masses observed for low-mass objects, is also followed by the MMAOs in this study, indicating a commonality in the formation processes of low-mass and high-mass stars. Description: The targets were observed with the JCMT, on the summit of Mauna Kea, Hawaii on seven nights between 2007 May 17 and 2008 July 22. Targets were mapped in the ^13^CO and C^18^O (J=3-2) transitions (330.6 and 329.3GHz), using the 16-receptor HARP. File Summary: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- FileName Lrecl Records Explanations -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ReadMe 80 . This file table1.dat 55 58 Complete list of 6.7GHz methanol maser coordinates used as pointing targets, including target names table2.dat 85 59 Literature LSR velocities (median velocity for 6.7GHz maser or associated IRDC or molecular cloud if no maser velocity is available) associated with each target table3.dat 79 55 Target C^18^O velocities used to calculate their kinematic distances from the Galactic Rotation Curve (GRC, Brand & Blitz 1993, J/A+A/275/67) table5.dat 99 62 Physical properties of all blue and red outflow lobes as detected in ^13^CO table6.dat 60 57 Coordinates and masses of the central clumps associated with the methanol masers, as derived from the 870um dust flux measurements from ATLASGAL (Csengeri et al., 2014, J/A+A/565/A75) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- See also: J/A+A/565/A75 : ATLASGAL. Dust condensations in Galactic plane (Csengeri+ 2014) Byte-by-byte Description of file: table1.dat -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Bytes Format Units Label Explanations -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1- 13 A13 --- Name Name (GL.lll+B.bbb) 14 A1 --- m_Name [AB] Multiplicity index on Name (1) 15 A1 --- n_Name [*] Spectra at maser position (2) 17- 22 F6.3 deg GLON Maser Galactic longitude 24- 29 F6.3 deg GLAT Maser Galactic latitude 31- 36 F6.3 deg GLONC Clump Galactic longitude (3) 38- 43 F6.3 deg GLATC Clump Galactic latitude (3) 45- 47 F3.1 K.km/s phi [0.5/2]? noise rms {phi}, integrated over the channels in each C^18^O integrated map (4) 49- 55 A7 --- Com Comments (5) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Note (1): Suffixes A and B indicate separate clumps if more than one are detected. Note (2): * indicates sources that had their spectra extracted at the maser coordinate itself. Note (3): The clump coordinates from where spectra were extracted are listed. Note (4): noise rms, integrated over the number of channels nchan in each C^18^O integrated map ({phi}={sigma}_rms_.{Delta}.sqrt(n_chan_), for a channel width {Delta}v of 0.5km/s). Note (5): When clumps were truncated at the edge of a map, or signal-to-noise was too low for significant C^18^O detection, it is indicated. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Byte-by-byte Description of file: table2.dat -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Bytes Format Units Label Explanations -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1- 13 A13 --- Name Target name (GLL.lll+B.bbb) 14 A1 --- m_Name [A/B] Multiplicity index on Name 15- 18 A4 --- f_Name [rbpk.12 ] peak identification (1) 22- 28 F7.3 --- Vmas [9/116]?=- Maser velocity 29 A1 --- n_Vmas [mpc] which velocity reported in Vmas (2) 31 I1 --- r_Vmas ?=- Maser velocity reference (3) 33- 37 F5.1 km/s V18O [15/113] Observed peak C^18^O VLSR velocity 39- 42 F4.1 K T18O Observed peak C^18^O antenna temperature 44- 48 F5.1 km/s V13C [15/113] Observed peak ^13^CO VLSR velocity 50- 53 F4.1 K T13C Observed peak ^13^CO antenna temperature 54 A1 --- n_T13C [*] self-absorption velocities excluded (4) 57- 59 I3 km/s Vmin [10/106] Lower value of velocity interval (6) 61 A1 --- --- [-] 62- 64 I3 km/s Vmax [22/130] Upper value of velocity interval (6) 67- 70 F4.1 km/s Dvb [2/16]?=- Velocity extent to blue ^13^CO line wing (5) 72- 75 F4.1 km/s Dvr [2/16]?=- Velocity extent to red ^13^CO line wing (5) 77- 80 F4.1 K.km/s Int.b ?=- Blue ^13^CO maximum integrated intensity 82- 85 F4.1 K.km/s Int.r ?=- Red ^13^CO maximum integrated intensity -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Note (1): Flag as follows: b = blue lobe only r = red lobe only pk.1 = peak 1 pk.2 = peak 2 Note (2): Note as follows: m = mid-line velocity p = peak-velocity c = cloud velocity Note (3): References as follows: 1 = Green & McClure-Griffiths (2011MNRAS.417.2500G) 2 = Roman-Duval et al. (2009ApJ...699.1153R, Cat. J/ApJ/699/1153) 3 = Szymczak et al. (2012AN....333..634S) 4 = Simon et al. (2006ApJ...653.1325S, Cat. J/ApJ/653/1325) Note (4): Notes as follows: * = peaks of Gaussians fitted to spectrum profiles excluding velocity ranges showing strong self-absorption in ^13^CO, while for double-peaked G 23.010-0.411, they represent fits to the individual peaks (peak 1 indicated by '(pk.1)' and peak 2 by '(pk.2)'). Note (5): Velocity extents measured from the peak velocity (as defined by C^18^O) to the maximum velocity along the blue or red ^13^CO line wing. Note (6): velocity interval over which the ^13^CO profile is integrated to obtain the background emission. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Byte-by-byte Description of file: table3.dat -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Bytes Format Units Label Explanations -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1- 13 A13 --- Name Target name 14 A1 --- m_Name [AB] Multiplicity index on Name 15 A1 --- n_Name [rb] red (r) or blue (b) lobe 17- 23 F7.3 km/s VC18O [15/113] C^18^O line velocity (LSR) 25- 29 F5.2 kpc Dist [1.8/13.5] Distance 30 A1 --- --- [,] 31- 33 F3.1 kpc Dist2 [1.4/2.4]? Second distance value 35- 38 A4 --- r_Dist Literature references used to resolve the far/near distance ambiguities (1) 40- 43 F4.2 pc+2 Ab ?=- Surface area A for blue lobe as mapped in ^13^CO 44 A1 --- --- [,] 45- 48 F4.2 pc+2 Ab2 ? Second surface area A for blue lobe as mapped in ^13^CO 50- 53 F4.2 pc+2 Ar ?=- Surface area A for red lobe as mapped in ^13^CO 54 A1 --- --- [,] 55- 59 F5.3 pc+2 Ar2 ? Second surface area A for red lobe as mapped in ^13^CO 61- 64 F4.2 pc lb ?=- Blue lobe length as measured from the clump coordinate to each outflow's radial extreme 65 A1 --- --- [,] 66- 69 F4.2 pc lb2 ? Second blue lobe length as measured from the clump coordinate to each outflow's radial extreme 71- 74 F4.2 pc lr ?=- Red lobe length as measured from the clump coordinate to each outflow's radial extreme 75 A1 --- --- [,] 76- 79 F4.2 pc lr2 ? Second red lobe length as measured from the clump coordinate to each outflow's radial extreme -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Note (1): References as follows: CG11 = Caswell & Green (2011MNRAS.411.2059C) C09 = Cyganowski et al. (2009ApJ...702.1615C, Cat. J/ApJ/702/1615) F03 = Fish et al. (2003ApJ...596..328F) GM11 = Green & McClure-Griffiths (2011MNRAS.417.2500G) P06 = Purcell et al. (2006MNRAS.367..553P) RD09 = Roman-Duval et al. (2009ApJ...699.1153R, Cat. J/ApJ/699/1153) S06 = Simon et al. (2006ApJ...653.1325S, Cat. J/ApJ/653/1325) TAN = sources with velocities within 10km/s of the tangent velocity are placed at the tangent distance -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Byte-by-byte Description of file: table5.dat -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Bytes Format Units Label Explanations -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1- 13 A13 --- Name Target name 14 A1 ---- m_Name [AB] Multiplicity index on Name (G1) 15 A1 --- n_Name [rb] red or blue lobe 16- 18 A3 --- f_Name [(1) (2)] far or near distance (G1) 20- 22 I3 Msun Mb [1/400]?=- Mass of the blue component 24- 26 I3 Msun Mr [1/410]?=- Mass of the red component 28- 30 I3 Msun Mo [1/750]?=- Total mass, M_out_=Mb+Mr 32- 35 I4 Msun.km/s p [9/7600]?=- Outflow momentum 37- 43 E7.2 J E ?=- Outflow energy 45- 51 E7.2 yr t ?=- Time-scale 53- 54 I2 10-4Msun/yr dMo/dt [0/86]?=- Mass-loss rate of the outflow 56- 62 E7.2 Msun.km/s Fm ?=- Mechanical force F_m_ 64- 66 I3 Lsun Lm ?=- Mechanical luminosity L_m_ 68- 97 A30 --- Notes Additional notes about the mapped lobes (2) 99 A1 --- MMAO? [Y/N] indicates whether a target belongs to the MMAOs subset (Methanol Maser Associtated Outflow) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Note (2): Key for notes: R = red lobe B = blue lobe RR = red ridge Offset = clump-maser coordinate offset X = reject -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Byte-by-byte Description of file: table6.dat -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Bytes Format Units Label Explanations -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1- 13 A13 --- Name Clump name as GLL.lll+B.bbb 14 A1 --- m_Name [AB] Multiplicity index on Clump (G1) 15- 17 A3 --- f_Name [(1) (2)] far or near distance (G1) 19- 24 F6.3 deg GLON Galactic longitude 26- 31 F6.3 deg GLAT Galactic latitude 33- 36 F4.1 Jy Sdust [0.6/30]?=- Dust flux 39- 43 I5 Msun M870 [10/14000] Clump mass from 870um dust flux (Csengeri et al. 2014, J/A+A/565/A75) 45- 48 I4 Msun MC18O [1/2200]? Clump mass from C^18^O maps 50- 60 A11 --- n_MC18O Note on MC18O -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Global notes: Note (G1): Where multiple clumps exist, their target labels are distinguished by 'A' and 'B'. Both values are listed for sources with distance ambiguities, with (1) next to the target name indicating values for far distances, and (2) mark the values for near distances. Application of the ^12^CO/^13^CO scaling factor to wing velocity ranges will lead to a factor 2 increase in p (outflow momentum) and F_m_ (mechanical force), and factor 4 increase in E (outflow energy) and L_m_ (mechanical luminosity). -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- History: From electronic version of the journal ================================================================================ (End) Patricia Vannier [CDS] 23-Apr-2015